Jantzen Hale, National Congress of American Indians,


Mauda Moran, Native American Rights Fund, 

On April 12, 2024, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), represented by the Native American Rights Fund (NARF), 

filed an amicus brief supporting the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes

Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation v. United States Department of the Interior

 in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The brief emphasizes the importance of the trust relationship between Tribal Nations and the United States, which requires the federal government to act in good faith and fully honor its promises to Tribal Nations.

“The Shoshone-Bannock Tribes ceded vast tracts of their homelands to the United States, but they did so pursuant to an agreement that reserved crucial rights for the Tribal Nations and their citizens,” 

said NCAI Executive Director Larry Wright, Jr.

 “Congress ratified that agreement and defined limited ways that the land could be removed from their use. It is imperative that the United States honors its legal and moral obligations by upholding the terms of this agreement.”

“The Shoshone-Bannock Tribes have long fought to protect their homelands and their treaty rights,” 

. “NARF is proud to stand with them and to echo their call that the United States must respect the sovereign-to-sovereign trust relationship that exists between the government and all federally recognized Tribal Nations. The United States is not allowed to change or reinterpret the terms of federal law and its agreement with the Shoshone-Bannock just because it is convenient for them.”

The Shoshone-Bannock Tribes brought suit in 2020 to stop the federal government’s illegal exchange of their homelands. The Shoshone-Bannock’s right to use those lands is protected under an 1898 agreement and codified in law under what is known as the 1900 Act. In 2023, the U.S. District Court rightfully found that the federal government had failed to comply with federal law, including the 1900 Act, and breached its trust responsibilities to the Shoshone-Bannock.

The federal government and the J.R. Simplot Company, the business seeking to acquire the lands, appealed that decision to the Ninth Circuit Court in 2023.

About the National Congress of American Indians: 

Founded in 1944, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) is the oldest, largest, and most representative American Indian and Alaska Native organization in the United States. NCAI advocates on behalf of tribal governments and communities, promoting strong tribal-federal government-to-government policies. NCAI promotes an understanding among the general public regarding American Indian and Alaska Native governments, people, and rights. For more information, visit 

About the Native American Rights Fund (NARF): 

NARF is a nonprofit 501c(3) organization focused on applying existing laws and treaties to guarantee that federal and state governments live up to their legal obligations to Native Americans. Since 1970, 

 has provided specialized legal assistance to Native American Tribal Nations, organizations, and individuals nationwide to assert and defend the most important Native rights. In hundreds of major cases. NARF has achieved significant results in critical areas such as tribal sovereignty, treaty rights, natural resource protection, voting rights, and Indian education. Like us 

 to learn about the latest fights to promote justice and protect Native American rights.

NCAI Supports Shoshone-Bannock Fight to Protect Treaty Rights and Homelands

The Native American Graves Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) addresses the treatment and repatriation of cultural items, objects of cultural patrimony, sacred objects, and human remains. Passed into law in 1990 as a result of decades of NCAI advocacy, this legislation goes a long way towards recognizing and respecting the sacred, religious, and cultural rights of American Indian and Alaska Native people. It was considered long overdue at the time of its passage and has faced significant hurdles since then.



One of the key provisions of NAGPRA establishes requirements that federal agencies and any institutions that receive federal funding, make account of any human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony that they have in their possession. The law states that they must be then repatriated to the appropriate Tribal Nations, to be cared for, and to be honored according to tribal religious practices. 



Of critical importance is that NAGPRA also includes steps for consultation and collaboration between federal agencies, museums, and Tribal representatives and communities. One of its goals is to foster communication based on respect for culture and cultural sensitivity. This process is meant to bring healing and reconciliation to Native communities. Likewise, it calls for both museums and cultural institutions to address and take stock of the historical trauma associated with the exploitation and desecration of sacred objects, burial sites, and human remains that were stolen for their own benefit.



Delving back into the NCAI archival records, we learn that the organization was a key advocate for repatriation legislation long before NAGPRA was adopted. For example, In 1986 at the Annual Convention in Phoenix, Arizona, NCAI condemned the Department of Interior policy on human remains and sacred objects that they had developed without any tribal consultation or input. Organization leaders called on Congress to create tribally focused legislation, and to “hold hearings to allow the Indian Community to present its views and recommendations.”



Then, immediately prior to the passage of NAGPRA, NCAI adopted a Resolution at the 1990 Executive Council Winter Session calling upon Congress to adopt repatriation legislation because, “the sanctity of the dead for American Indians and Alaska Natives has never been respected by the dominant, non-Indian society as evidenced by the untold thousands of deceased Native Americans that have been dug up from their final resting places and because respect for the dead is a basic human right that is fundamental to all cultures, societies and religions…”.



Working in coalition with its partners such as the Native American Rights Fund and Association on American Indian Affairs, NCAI continued its unwavering advocacy until NAGPRA was finally passed into law in November 1990. Unfortunately, despite its historic significance, NAGPRA has faced major challenges in its implementation. Many claim that the original legislation does not go far enough to address past wrongdoings, nor does it take into account the challenges of the repatriation process both in terms of legal and ethical considerations. The quest for successful implementation of NAGPRA has dragged on for 34 years.



In recent months, however, there have been some promising developments. In an April 2023 press release, NCAI commended the ongoing bipartisan effort of the U.S. Senate that was underway at the time for ensuring that, “Native American ancestral remains and cultural items are returned to their rightful owners as an essential first step towards acknowledging the historic and ongoing wrongs inflicted upon the American Indian and Alaska Native community.” In August 2023, the National Park Service announced $3.4 million in grants to 16 Tribal Nations and 28 museums to assist in the consultation, documentation, and repatriation of ancestral remains and cultural items. This is the largest amount since the grant program began.



Lastly, on December 6, 2023, the Department of the Interior announced the outcome of that work—a series of new, stricter regulations concerning the implementation of NAGPRA. The new rules are considered long overdue and are a result of Nation-to-Nation consultation. They strengthen the force of the law and include systematic processes for returning human remains, funerary objects, and objects of cultural patrimony, setting the timeline for compliance at 5 years. The goal of the regulations is to give Tribal Nations more authority in the repatriation process. Museums and federal agencies now must obtain free, prior, and informed consent from Tribal Nations and descendants before displaying or conducting research on any human remains or cultural items. In addition, museums must now be more publicly transparent about their collection holdings that are subject to NAGPRA.



News coverage across the country has reported on the response to the new NAGPRA changes announcing that museums and cultural institutions have either covered or removed their exhibits relating to Native history. For example, The American Museum of Natural History in New York closed two halls dedicated to the Eastern Woodlands and Great Plains tribal cultures. Sean Decatur, President of the Museum, explained, “The Halls we are closing are vestiges of an era when museums did not respect values, perspectives and indeed the shared humanity of indigenous peoples.”



Other institutions have responded accordingly and have removed objects on display as they await consultation with Tribal Nations. We have yet to completely see how these new regulations will play out. But the hope is they will fulfill the original intent of the legislation and not result in further delays. Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland stated, “The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act is an essential tool for the safe return of sacred objects to the communities from which they were stolen. Among the updates we are implementing are critical steps to strengthen the authority and role of Indigenous communities in the repatriation process…. Finalizing these changes are an important part of laying the groundwork for the healing of our people.”



As time goes on, NCAI will continue to advocate for the complete implementation of NAGPRA and repatriation of ancestral remains, and sacred and cultural objects, so that wrongdoings inflicted upon American Indian and Alaska Native communities are recognized and healing can begin.

 signals a rebirth of NCAI’s oldest and most continuously published membership newsletter, 

. Published for the first time in the 1940s, 

 focused on NCAI membership matters, events, people and policy issues. This newly conceived version will, instead, take a look backwards with a nod to the present. Each post will feature stories about past events, programs, and people, as well as articles on NCAI leaders throughout the years and new developments and discoveries in the archival collections.

Drawing on NCAI’s rich digital and physical archival collections, it is our hope that you will return each month to learn more about the organization’s 80 years of advocacy for Indian Country and, as a result, will also remain informed about what is happening at NCAI today.

Healing Through Restoration: The Native American Graves Repatriation Act

The NCAI 2024 Executive Council Winter Session Wrap-Up Report is Now Available!

Last month, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) brought together Tribal Nations from across the United States for the prestigious 2024 State of Indian Nations Address and its legislative conference, the 2024 Executive Council Winter Session (ECWS).

A standout moment of this year's conference was the 2024 State of Indian Nations address, delivered by newly elected NCAI President Mark Macarro. In his visionary speech, President Macarro outlined priorities aimed at advancing Tribal Nations' interests and strengthening nation-to-nation relationships with the United States. Throughout the week, tribal delegates also had the invaluable opportunity to hear from members of Congress and the Biden-Harris Administration, gaining insights into their strategies for addressing key challenges facing tribal communities. Read the Wrap-Up Report below to dive into the enriching discussions, impactful initiatives, and collaborative efforts that shaped this year’s ECWS.

 NCAI 2024 Executive Council Winter Session Wrap-Up Report Now Available!

On Friday, March 22, 2024, the U.S. House of Representatives passed six appropriations bills, with the U.S. Senate following suit shortly thereafter. The appropriations bills passed were:

Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2024

Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2024

Labor, Health and Human Services, Education and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2024

Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2024

State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2024

The six bills will now go to the President’s desk to be signed into law sometime this weekend.

In the upcoming weeks, NCAI will provide additional analysis of all 12 appropriations bills and the President’s Fiscal Year (FY) 2025 Budget. Below is a brief summary of some of the wins and losses for Indian Country that came out of this week’s legislation:

House, Senate Pass Remaining Six Appropriations Bills and Fund the Remainder of the Government—Many Indian Country Programs Flat Funded for FY2024

“On behalf of the National Congress of American Indians, we congratulate Lily Gladstone (Blackfeet Nation and Nez Perce) for her spectacular awards season and nomination for Lead Actress at the 96th Academy Awards. As the first Native American woman nominated for an Oscar in this prestigious category, Gladstone’s performance marks a milestone for authentic voices and representation of tribal communities in film. For too long, the narratives of Native peoples, along with our histories and stories, have been largely invisible in this country— no more. Thank you, Lily, and the Native actors, cast, and filmmakers whose efforts have made this milestone possible.”

NCAI Congratulates Lily Gladstone for Groundbreaking Achievements in Media and Film

On Wednesday, March 6, 2024, the U.S. House of Representatives passed six appropriations bills, and today, March 8, 2024, the U.S. Senate followed suit. The appropriations bills passed were:

Agriculture, Rural, Development, Food and Drug Administration and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2024

Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2024

Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2024

Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2024

Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2024

Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2024

The six bills will now go to the President’s desk to be signed into law, while Congress will turn its attention to funding the remaining aspects of the federal government before current funding expires on March 22, 2024.


In the upcoming weeks, NCAI will provide additional analysis of all 12 appropriations bills as well as the President’s Fiscal Year (FY) 2025 Budget. Below is a brief summary of some of the wins and losses for Indian Country that came out of this week’s legislation:

House, Senate Pass Six Appropriations Bills and Partially Fund the Government— Indian Country Programs See Both Increases and Cuts

“The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) mourns with profound sadness and a heavy heart the passing of its first female president, Veronica Homer (

). Her departure marks a significant loss for Indian Country, highlighting her role as both a trailblazer and a relentless advocate for the unity and strength of all Tribal Nations.At just 34, Homer broke historic barriers as the first woman to helm NCAI, setting new precedents with her visionary leadership and championing self-determination. Her lifelong dedication to serving her community and her advocacy on issues such as the federal recognition process, the restoration of traditional lands, and the protection of tribal sovereignty demonstrated her deep understanding of the challenges and opportunities facing tribal communities.


Beyond her NCAI Presidency, Homer was a symbol of grace and resilience, growing up in a family of activists on the Colorado River Indian Tribes’ Reservation and later serving as Vice Chair of the Colorado River Indian Tribes. Her roles within NCAI, including Phoenix Area Regional Vice President and Recording Secretary, underscored her relentless advocacy on behalf of Tribal Nations.

Veronica Homer was more than a leader— she was a mentor and a source of inspiration for so many of us. We send our condolences to her family, friends, and the Colorado River Indian Tribes community. May we all find comfort in knowing that her legacy of leadership, unity, kindness, and advocacy will forever resonate across Indian Country.”


NCAI Honors the Legacy of its First Female President Veronica Homer 

This legislation has gone a long way to support pay equity for women but there is still a persistent and pervasive gap across all demographic sectors of women. For example, recent research has shown that the pay gap has been closing for White women; however, for Native women, it remains at the lowest of any demographic. In fact, according to the Institute for Women’s Policy Research, as of 2021 Native women working full time only earned 59 cents as compared to white men. For all employed Native women, the statistic is even more dismal: 51 cents to every dollar, emphasizing the need for an intersectional approach to pay disparities. These figures vary across Tribal Nations and communities, and are further compounded by the lack of reliable statistical data in tribal communities.


So what does this 59-cent figure mean for Native Women? Each year, Equal Pay Days are marked for various groups. In 2023, Native Women’s Equal Pay Day was marked on November 30. This date signifies the time in the year to which Native women would have to work to catch up to the earnings of their white male counterparts. Simply put, that means it takes almost a full additional year of work for Native women to achieve salary parity. Looking more broadly, the wage gap will typically cost a Native American woman nearly $1 million over a lifetime (roughly 40 years) of work. Moreover, it unfortunately is also one of the slowest stagnating gaps, which has shown little signs of narrowing over the last decade.



While this issue is often framed as a women’s issue, it’s important to recognize that the pay gap affects everyone, not just women. According to the National Partnership for Women and Families, 64% of Native households are headed by women; and Native women are more often than not the primary breadwinners and caregivers for their families. These caregiving responsibilities often limit women’s mobility in search of better, higher-paying jobs. Understanding this larger context makes this a broader family issue that affects not only women but everyone in Native communities. It puts Native families on the front lines and at risk of poverty.



Much research has been done into why the pay disparity is so profound for Native women. The lasting impacts of colonization altered the status of women in traditionally matrilineal societies. Genocide, displacement, and misogyny are also contributing factors. The intersections of discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, and gender compound to create this deep pay divide amongst not only women and men, but amongst white women and women of color. Research shows that the average American woman makes 82 cents for every dollar an American man makes. In contrast, Native women only make 51 cents to that dollar, over 30 cents less. In addition, the U.S. has failed in its responsibility to collect accurate data relating to tribal communities, thereby making these pay figures difficult to track over time.


In addition to advocating for effective legislation to combat pay inequity, individual advocates and Native organizations such as NCAI recognize that other policies can contribute to strengthening the economic security of women. Promoting entrepreneurship among women and implementing mandatory paid leave policies are crucial for unlocking better opportunities. Additionally, access to affordable, high-quality child care is also important.

In his statement on the 15th Anniversary of the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, President Biden marked the occasion by announcing new rules intended to help increase pay equity in the United States. He stated, “… my Administration will continue to call on Congress to pass the Paycheck Fairness Act, to increase pay transparency and strengthen our tools to fight sex-based pay discrimination.” 



Adopting “common sense” policies, the Biden administration then announced that the federal government is now prohibited from using the salary history of federal workers and contractors when determining pay for prospective hires. Office of Management and Budget Director Shalanda Young stated, “Relying on a candidate’s salary history can exacerbate pre-existing inequality in our pay structures and disproportionately impact women and workers of color.” This should be of some benefit to Native women, as they are employed in the federal workforce at twice the rate of their participation in the civilian labor force. Some progress is being realized, but we are still a long way off from true pay equality.

UPCOMING WEBINAR – NCAI Foundation: Strengthening Our Shared Legacy

The Executive Council Winter Session (ECWS) brings together representatives from member tribes to Washington, DC, for the purpose of planning strategy for the coming year. Although the ECWS is required by the NCAI Constitution today, this wasn’t always the case. For the first 11 years of the organization’s existence, the Council did meet, but not as required by NCAI rules. It was not until a 1955 revision of the NCAI Constitution that the organization’s governing document was amended to specifically require this annual meeting. As for the timing of the meeting, it could be anytime ‘immediately’ following the Annual Conference. Further revisions brought us to where we are today, specifying that the meeting must be held in the first quarter of each year.



Before we delve into this year’s agenda, let’s take a look back in the archives at some of the ECWS meetings from years past. The first Executive Council Winter Session meeting for which we have a detailed archival record occurred in March 1959. This meeting was at the time “the biggest in the organization’s history” with 70 delegates in attendance. These delegates represented 30 Tribal Nations and came from 11 states. In addition, six attorneys assisted with analyzing legislation, court decisions, and rulings affecting Indian communities and property.



Taking center stage that year was a newly proposed federal Indian policy known as Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 12. This proposed legislation was designed to clarify a previous piece of legislation known as House Concurrent Resolution No. 108 (adopted in 1953), which called for immediate termination of the federal government’s responsibility to Tribal Nations.



NCAI delegates in attendance agreed that this new proposal, introduced by Senator James E. Murray (D-MT) and Senator Richard Neuberger (D-OR), was necessary as it would clearly counter the unjust practices of both the United States Public Health Service and the Bureau of Indian Affairs at the time. Both agencies denied any services to individual Indians unless they lived on trust land. NCAI President Joseph Garry (Coeur d’Alene Tribe) led the discussion and attendees debated this legislation all week throughout the session and ultimately concluded that the agencies’ actions were unlawful—they were withholding services they were legally required to provide. While not explicitly stated, the delegates viewed this as a form of termination. The new proposed legislation they supported called for the reinstatement of the education and health services to the affected individuals.



Delegates in 1959 also addressed other issues at the forefront of NCAI’s advocacy. They questioned the alarming delays in the settlement of claims cases. They scoffed at the ruling that claims settlements could not be awarded to claimant’s dependents. Considering how long the cases actually took, the question of dependents’ rights to the settlements was a valid one.

Some positive applause was given to the U.S. Public Health Service and the Bureau of Indian Affairs for the increased appropriations benefitting Tribal Nations, but delegates tempered their praise with the reality of wanton closures of schools and hospitals that denied educational and health services to many Indians—especially those who were unable to travel further distances to access those services. Increased funding could only go so far if it failed to reach the people it was intended to assist!



Another timely issue on the forefront of the agenda was Alaska statehood legislation. Delegates rallied around two realities—the status of Alaska Natives would be altered when statehood became a reality, and the State would unfairly have first claim to land. The following discussions at the meeting centered around how to best protect the land rights of Alaska Natives. NCAI vowed to ensure adequate legal protection for the rights of Alaska Natives to claim their ancestral lands for future generations.



Analysis of records from later ECWS meetings shows a consistent resolve. During the Executive Council Winter Session meeting held in January 1975, delegates reviewed resolutions and charted legislative activities for the upcoming year. Forty Tribal Nations attended and listened to reports on upcoming Bureau of Indian Affairs’ programs and activities, and reviewed statements on upcoming legislation and court cases.



However, it was the recently created Indian Policy Review Commission that dominated the meeting. Established in 1975 by the U.S. Congress with the mandate to comprehensively review the relationship between Indians and the federal government, the Commission established 11 Task Forces to study specific areas of importance. As a result of the ECWS discussions, many NCAI members were identified and appointed to those Task Forces. They then contributed to the Commission’s final policy recommendation report.



Additionally, the case of whether individual Indians leasing reservation lands were subject to taxation also led to a heated conversation that year. Those individuals who were leasing land on the Fort Peck and Cheyenne River reservations for cattle ranching suddenly found themselves subject to taxation by the Internal Revenue Service.



NCAI’s position was that the lands were not taxable and therefore those levies should not apply to leaseholders. Following the meeting, the 

 featured several follow-up articles that provided greater understanding of this complex issue and that continued the conversation at subsequent meetings.

Each Executive Council Winter Session meeting’s purpose was the same—to gather at an opportune time in the new year to set the course for policy and advocacy for what was to come. While the settings, and certainly the times, have changed, some things have remained the same: the issues that have been discussed—issues of sovereignty, self-determination, governance, and protection of individual and tribal rights—have been woven into every Executive Council Winter Session meeting from the start.

History of the NCAI Executive Council Winter Session

Advocacy in Action: The Origins of ECWS

Strength in Unity: NCAI’s Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Mutual Assistance

For this month’s blog post, we travel back in time to the Fourth Annual NCAI Convention held in Santa Fe, New Mexico, in December 1947 to share an inspirational story of unity and cooperation. The theme of this convention was “One for All, All for One, United We Endure”, an appropriate message carefully chosen by NCAI leaders to forge unity among the members of the young organization and also to position it for growth in the ensuing years.

Washington, D.C. | The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), the Native American Rights Fund (NARF), and the National Native American Bar Association (NNABA) celebrate the confirmation of Judge Sara Hill to serve on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma.

Judge Hill, who is a citizen of the Cherokee Nation, is the first Native American woman confirmed for a lifetime judicial appointment in the state. With Oklahoma home to 39 federally recognized Tribal Nations, her confirmation is not just a historic milestone but a meaningful step forward in ensuring the federal judiciary reflects the communities it serves. Further, as the only active Native American federal judge in Oklahoma, Judge Hill brings a critical perspective and deep knowledge of federal Indian law.

“NCAI applauds both President Biden’s nomination of Sara Hill, and the Senate’s confirmation of her as the first-ever Native American woman to sit on the federal bench in the state of Oklahoma,” said NCAI President Mark Macarro. “Judge Hill brings with her an unparalleled experience in law and policy to our justice system, including a depth of understanding of tribal sovereignty that is far too often lacking on the judicial bench.”

“Judge Hill’s extensive experience serving the Cherokee Nation provides a strong background for her work in the Northern District of Oklahoma,” said NARF Executive Director John Echohawk. “Her confirmation is an important and necessary milestone and serves as a reminder that continuing to increase Native representation at a federal level is needed.”

“Sara Hill exemplifies Native excellence and legal leadership through her success as a litigator, policy advocate, and senior tribal government official for the Cherokee Nation,” said NNABA President Makalika Naholowaa. “This is a truly historic confirmation. Ms. Hill will be only the 10th Native American Article III federal judge to ever serve in the judiciary throughout U.S. history. We are grateful to the Biden administration and senators who supported this historic nomination and confirmation. We look forward to following the honorable Judge Hill’s successful judicial career and representation of Native American women in the judiciary.”

NCAI, NARF, and NNABA extend heartfelt congratulations to Sara Hill on this momentous achievement. Her confirmation is a testament to her dedication and expertise, and it helps address the undeniable need for Native voices on the federal bench.

About the National Congress of American Indians:

Founded in 1944, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) is the oldest, largest, and most representative American Indian and Alaska Native organization in the United States. NCAI advocates on behalf of tribal governments and communities, promoting strong tribal-federal government-to-government policies. NCAI promotes an understanding among the general public regarding American Indian and Alaska Native governments, people, and rights. 

About the Native American Rights Fund (NARF):

NARF is a non-profit 501c(3) organization focused on applying existing laws and treaties to guarantee that federal and state governments live up to their legal obligations to Native Americans. Since 1970, the Native American Rights Fund (NARF) has provided specialized legal assistance to Indian tribes, organizations, and individuals nationwide to assert and defend the most important Native rights in hundreds of major cases. NARF has achieved significant results in critical areas such as tribal sovereignty, treaty rights, natural resource protection, voting rights, and Indian education. Like us on Facebook and follow us on Twitter @NDNrights to learn about the latest fights to promote justice and protect Native American rights. Visit 

About the National Native American Bar Association (NNABA):

The National Native American Bar Association was founded in 1973 to advance justice for all Native Americans and the inclusion of Native Americans in all aspects and levels of the legal profession. NNABA is the national professional trade association for Native American lawyers, including members from American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian communities and tribes across the United States. Learn more at 

Sara Hill's Confirmation to U.S. District Court Moves Forward Native American Representation in Oklahoma

Washington D.C. – NCAI is pleased to announce that the dispute with Dante Desiderio has been resolved. All look forward to moving past this matter and focusing on the needs of Indian Country.



Founded in 1944, the National Congress of American Indians is the oldest, largest, and most representative American Indian and Alaska Native organization in the country. NCAI advocates on behalf of tribal governments and communities, promoting strong tribal-federal government-to-government policies, and promoting a better understanding among the general public regarding American Indian and Alaska Native governments, people, and rights. For more information, visit www.ncai.org.

NCAI is pleased to announce that the dispute with Dante Desiderio has been resolved.  

Prior to joining the Foundation, Masten launched various initiatives, directed fundraising for college expansion and scholarships, and addressed educational barriers for Native American students. He also co-chairs the Priorities, Projects, and Campaigns committee with the America the Beautiful for All Coalition, and previously developed a philanthropic platform for Tribal Nations as Vice President of Tribal Nations Engagement and Special Projects at Native Americans in Philanthropy.

Under Masten's guidance, the NCAI Foundation is poised to amplify its vital contributions to the empowerment and advancement of Tribal Nations and AI/AN communities. Masten has identified several critical initiatives, such as upholding tribal sovereignty, empowering tribal leadership, and cultivating Native youth leadership, as part of the Foundation's new strategic roadmap. The Foundation's approach diverges from traditional models, adopting 

NCAI’s Equity and Sovereignty Framework

 that aligns with the aspirations of Tribal Nations. This approach is rooted in mutual respect and aims at collective betterment, positioning Tribal Nations at the forefront of global sustainability and social justice initiatives.

“The NCAI Foundation is not just an adjunct to our existing structure but a pioneering entity in its own right,” Wright, Jr. added. “It stands at a unique intersection of traditional wisdom and contemporary strategies, championing the causes of tribal sovereignty, cultural heritage, and environmental justice."

Masten and the NCAI Foundation team are set to lead these efforts, leveraging Masten's experience in forming dynamic partnerships and steering critical priorities, such as the new tribal climate action platform. These efforts and milestones collectively reflect NCAI's effective advocacy and the broader Native community's resilience and leadership globally.

National Congress of American Indians Announces Greg Masten as President of NCAI Foundation

On Friday, December 1, 2023, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), represented by the Native American Rights Fund (NARF),

 a case brought against it in the United States District Court for the District of North Dakota. The case, which was brought by the Virginia-incorporated Native American Guardian’s Association (NAGA), alleges that NCAI somehow conspired with the Washington, DC, National Football League team when they changed their name to the Washington Commanders. However, the only act that plaintiffs allege is that NCAI issued a press release supporting the Commanders’ decision to keep their new name.

NCAI President Mark Macarro responded to the NAGA complaint explaining

, “Since 1968, the National Congress of American Indians and its Tribal Nation members have taken the position that the Washington NFL team should change its dehumanizing and derogatory name. Issuing a press release applauding the team’s decision to drop a derogatory name is far from unlawful. All the complaint shows is that NCAI exercised its right to free speech on an important issue that affects Native Americans across the country.”

Race-based mascots, logos, and symbols became popular during a time in our country when racism and cultural oppression were the norm. Not only are they offensive and perpetuate negative stereotypes of Native people, they cause real, documented harm to the mental health of Native youth. The American Psychological Association found that derogatory representations like Native-based mascots create hostile learning environments for Native students. Studies show that the continued use of American Indian mascots teaches young people that stereotyping minority groups is an acceptable practice, further legitimizing discrimination against Native Americans.

NARF Deputy Director Matthew Campbell, who has worked in forums across the country to change harmful mascots, said

, “NCAI has advocated for the elimination of harmful mascots for decades. As an organization whose mission is to improve the quality of life for Native people and communities, this sort of advocacy only makes sense. The Native American Guardian’s Association may have a different opinion on this issue, but differing viewpoints are not enough to form a conspiracy lawsuit. This suit is legally unsound and disappointing to see in a time when these mascots and images have been found to harm our youth.”

https://www.narf.org/nill/documents/20231201-naga-ncai-mtd.pdf

NARF is a non-profit 501c(3) organization focused on applying existing laws and treaties to guarantee that federal and state governments live up to their legal obligations to Native Americans. Since 1970, the Native American Rights Fund (NARF) has provided specialized legal assistance to Tribal Nations as well as Native American organizations and individuals nationwide to assert and defend the most important rights. In hundreds of major cases, NARF has achieved significant results in critical areas such as tribal sovereignty, treaty rights, natural resource protection, voting rights, and Indian education. Like us on Facebook and follow us on Twitter @NDNrights to learn about the latest fights to promote justice and protect Native American rights.

NCAI Defends its Free Speech and Stands Strong Against Hateful Mascots

Washington, D.C. | Today, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), the Native American Rights Fund (NARF), and the National Native American Bar Association (NNABA) celebrate the confirmation of Judge Shanlyn Park to the U.S. District Court for the District of Hawai'i. Judge Park is the first Native Hawaiian woman federal judge in the state. Native Hawaiians comprise 21.8% of the population served by the district where Judge Park will preside.

...NCAI commends President Biden for nominating Judge Park, Senators Hirono and Schatz for their strong support of Judge Park, and for the votes cast by the Senate to make this historic appointment happen.

“Inclusion of Native Hawaiians in the courts that preside over matters in Hawaii is critically important to advancing trust in the judicial system and the rule of law. Judge Park’s deep experience in Hawaii state and federal courts, in criminal and civil matters, and her deep connections to the communities her district serves will be a great asset to the court and will help increase trust in the federal justice system,” said Makalika Naholowaʻa, President of the National Native American Bar Association.


“The U.S. legal system will benefit from the unique combination of wisdom, experience, knowledge, and perspective that Judge Park will contribute to the District of Hawai’i,” said NCAI President Mark Macarro, “and NCAI commends President Biden for nominating Judge Park, Senators Hirono and Schatz for their strong support of Judge Park, and for the votes cast by the Senate to make this historic appointment happen.”


Despite the outsized impact federal court decisions have on Native communities, Native people are under-represented in the federal judiciary. Even with Judge Park’s confirmation, of the more than 870 authorized federal judgeships, only seven judges from American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian communities currently serve on the federal bench. As a Native Hawaiian who lives, works, and volunteers in Hawai'i and who has deep ties to her community, Park understands how federal laws and policies profoundly impact the daily life of Native Hawaiian, American Indian, and Alaska Native people.


“Federal courts hear many cases involving Native people so federal court judges must be aware of the political status, legal principles, and rights of Tribal Nations and Native individuals,” said NARF Executive Director John Echohawk. “The confirmation of Judge Park takes a step in the right direction for a more balanced and representative federal judiciary system.”

NARF is a non-profit 501c(3) organization focused on applying existing laws and treaties to guarantee that federal and state governments live up to their legal obligations to Native Americans. Since 1970, the Native American Rights Fund (NARF) has provided specialized legal assistance to Indian tribes, organizations, and individuals nationwide to assert and defend the most important Native rights. In hundreds of major cases. NARF has achieved significant results in critical areas such as tribal sovereignty, treaty rights, natural resource protection, voting rights, and Indian education. Like us on Facebook and follow us on Twitter @NDNrights to learn about the latest fights to promote justice and protect Native American rights.

The National Native American Bar Association was founded in 1973 to advance justice for all Native Americans and the inclusion of Native Americans in all aspects and levels of the legal profession. NNABA is the national professional trade association for Native American lawyers, including members from American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian communities and tribes across the United States. Learn more at www.nativeamericanbar.org.

Judge Shanlyn Park Confirmed to U.S. District Court for the District of Hawai'i

Executive Council Winter Session 2024

L to R: NCAI President Mark Macarro, First Vice President Brian Weeden, Recording Secretary Nickolaus D. Lewis, and Treasurer David Woerz.


On Friday, November 17, 2023, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) swore in the newly elected 2023-2025 NCAI Executive Committee at the 80th Annual Convention & Marketplace. The organization’s Executive Committee is comprised of four Executive Board Officers and Regional Vice Presidents and Alternates from each of the 12 NCAI regions.

Newly elected NCAI President Mark Macarro, Chairman of Pechanga Band of Luiseño Indians, expressed a message of unity and healing on the horizon for Indian Country.

“I am deeply humbled and pleased to have been chosen by the National Congress of American Indians to lead this esteemed organization over the next two years,” said President Mark Macarro. “The next two years will undoubtedly present challenges, but together, we are ready for the journey ahead. I dedicate myself not only to the tribal leaders and delegates of NCAI, but to all of Indian Country, and I look forward to what we can achieve together.”

President Mark Macarro is joined by newly elected NCAI First Vice President Brian Weeden, who also serves as the Chairman of the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe.

“As the newly elected First Vice President of the National Congress of American Indians, I am deeply honored to serve in a role that represents not just my Tribal Nation, but all Native Nations,” said First Vice President Weeden. “We look forward to working together as a team to address the various issues facing us all in Indian Country and promise to work for all of our relations as we uphold our trust responsibilities.”


Nickolaus D. Lewis, Lummi Nation councilmember, was elected to the position of Recording Secretary.

“Serving on the NCAI Executive Board as Recording Secretary is a position dedicated to serving all of Indian Country, and I am humbled with the opportunity to be a servant for all of our people in this role,” said Recording Secretary Lewis. “There is a lot of work ahead, and it starts with working to earn our people's trust. It will take time, but the commitment to be held accountable is going to always be there. Please know that I am committed to this work for uplifting all of our peoples and our future generations.”


David Woerz, Chickasaw Nation Legislator, was elected to the position of NCAI Treasurer by acclamation.

“I am honored to be elected as Treasurer of the National Congress of American Indians. I am also excited about the future of NCAI. The Executive Committee and Executive Director Larry Wright, Jr. have spent the last 18 months examining our policies and procedures. As a result, NCAI has better checks and balances, a vastly improved workplace culture, and renewed energy. We have expanded staff and finally evolved from the post-pandemic issues many organizations experienced. I will fulfill my duties as Treasurer with honor, integrity, and in compliance with the NCAI Constitution. I realize it is much more than just finances, our organization is dynamic with many moving parts. It will be a challenge, but one I am excited to meet.”


The NCAI Executive Board Officers are joined by Regional Vice Presidents and Alternates from the 12 NCAI regions. Elected by their respective Regional Caucuses, the Regional Vice Presidents and Alternates serve alongside the Executive Board Officers for a two-year term. The 2023-2025 Regional Area Vice Presidents and Alternates are listed below:

 Ryman Lebeau, Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe

 J. Garrett Renville, Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate

 Randi Lone Eagle, Summit Lake Paiute Tribe

 Raymond Aguilar, Pueblo of Santo Domingo

 Reggie Wassana, Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes

Leonard Fineday, Minnesota Chippewa Tribe - Leech Lake Band

 Michelle Beaudin, Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior

 Brad Killscrow, Delaware Tribe of Indians

 Leo Sisco, Santa Rosa Rancheria Tachi Yokut Nation

 Jennifer Finley, Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribe of the Flathead Reservation

Loni Taylor, Chippewa Cree of the Rocky Boy's Reservation

 Rodney Butler, Mashantucket Pequot Tribe

National Congress of American Indians Announces Newly Elected 2023-2025 Executive Committee

 | In a historic move coinciding with National Philanthropy Day, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) is proud to announce the launch of its philanthropic arm, the 

. The day marks a profound and unprecedented commitment to supporting Tribal Nations on their transformative journey toward shared prosperity and resilience.

"Today marks a pivotal moment in our ongoing journey towards equity and empowerment for Tribal Nations," said Greg Masten (Yurok), President of the newly formed NCAI Foundation. "The NCAIF is not just a foundation; it's a beacon of hope and a testament to our unwavering commitment to uphold tribal sovereignty, empower our leaders, and build a resilient future for our youth and our Nations. Through the NCAIF, we are forging true partnerships between Tribal Nations and Philanthropy, dedicated to creating a future where Tribal Nations thrive, supported by the resources and recognition they rightfully deserve."

The NCAI Foundation's mission is multifaceted, focusing on four core areas: Upholding Tribal Sovereignty, Empowering Tribal Leadership, Cultivating Youth Leadership, and Fortifying Tribal Nations. By offering grant funding under the Fortifying Tribal Nations program, NCAIF aims to be a catalyst for change, providing more than just financial resources but also serving as a pivotal connecting point for Tribal Nations and the philanthropic sector.

Despite American Indian and Alaska Natives representing nearly 3 percent of the U.S. population, 

they have historically received less than 0.5 percent of philanthropic dollars for their strategies or initiatives1

​. NCAIF seeks to address this disparity by ensuring that more resources are directed toward supporting tribal communities in diverse areas of work.

A cornerstone of NCAIF's approach is the innovative Equity and Sovereignty Framework. This framework guides the foundation’s grantmaking processes, ensuring they are deeply rooted in principles of equity and respect for tribal sovereignty. The framework will also inform NCAIF’s approach to address the philanthropy sector's interaction with Tribal Nations, emphasizing collaboration, respect for tribal governance, and the promotion of culturally appropriate practices. It's a significant step toward rectifying historical imbalances and fostering true, respectful partnerships between philanthropic entities and Tribal Nations.

Traditional Philanthropy vs. Equity & Sovereignty Framework

Traditional philanthropy often operates with a top-down approach, where donors decide what is best for beneficiaries, which can unintentionally perpetuate systemic inequities.

• Shared Ownership: The new framework ensures that Tribal Nations are active participants in decision-making, creating solutions that are rooted in their lived experiences.

• Cultural Respect and Integration: While traditional philanthropy may sideline Native wisdom, the equity and sovereignty approach centers connection and respect.

• Long-term Solutions: Rather than temporary fixes, this approach seeks sustainable, regenerative change, grounded in the unique needs and aspirations of each Tribal Nation.

"As we stand at the threshold of a new era with the launch of the NCAI Foundation, I am reminded of the profound responsibility we carry as stewards of our communities' future," said Larry Wright, Jr., a citizen of the Ponca Tribe of Nebraska and the Executive Director of NCAI. "Our leadership is charting a strategic course for the organization and the NCAI Foundation that is a journey of both honor and duty. The Equity and Sovereignty Framework is more than just a policy tool; it is a commitment to Tribal Nations that every decision we make, and every partnership we forge will be done with the utmost respect for our sovereignty and with an unwavering focus on equity. This is our pledge to create a lasting impact that honors the past while building a resilient and prosperous future for tribal communities."

The Foundation will soon announce various opportunities for Tribal Nations to apply for grant funding. These initiatives, which reflect the priorities identified by tribal leaders and representatives in recent dialogues, emphasize areas such as education, infrastructure, cultural preservation, economic development, environmental, and addressing social inequities.

NCAIF is set to redefine the philanthropic landscape for Tribal Nations. By embracing the wisdom and expertise of Tribal Nations, the Foundation is poised to foster strategic partnerships and drive significant change. The initiative is more than just a response to historical disparities; it is an opportunity to embark on a transformative journey, forging pathways to a future of shared prosperity and resilience for Tribal Nations.

Founded in 1944, the National Congress of American Indians is the oldest, largest and most representative American Indian and Alaska Native organization in the country. NCAI advocates on behalf of tribal governments and communities, promoting strong tribal-federal government-to-government policies, and promoting a better understanding among the general public regarding American Indian and Alaska Native governments, people and rights. For more information visit 

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